1.The function of to be ( present tense )
Present Tense or some call it “Simple Present” is used to describe:
1. Habitual or repeated actions. For example: I usually go to the office at 7 o’clock every morning.
2. General truth or things in general or facts. For example: The sun rises in the East.
3. Fixed arragements or scheduled events. This use is to describe future. (Present Tense/Simple Present is one of the future tenses – tenses which can be used to describe future actions/events). For example: The train leaves for
The forms: (+) Subject + Infinitive (we add -s/-es to the infinitive verb if the subject is he, she or it)
(-) Subject + do/does + not + Infinitive (do -> I, you, we, they — does -> he, she, it)
(?) Do/does + Subject + Infinitive ?
do + not = don’t — does + not = doesn’t
I + am = I’m — She + is = She’s — You + are = You’re
is + not = isn’t — are + not = aren’t — am + not = cannot be contracted (it stays the same)
To be in “Simple Present” : –> is, am, are
Note : we use “to be” in a sentence if the sentence doesn’t have a “verb“. For example : She is at home. There’s no “verb” in this sentence, that’s why we have to use “to be” instead.
Signals : Every ….. (every day, every week, every Monday, etc), often, always, sometimes, never.
Simple present, third person singular
Note:
1. he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
2. Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary’DO’) + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
3. Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly
flies, cry
cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play
plays, pray
prays
4. Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
See also Verbs -’Regular verbs in the simple present’, and ‘Be, do & have’
Examples:
1. Third person singular with s or -es
a. He goes to school every morning.
b. She understands English.
c. It mixes the sand and the water.
d. He tries very hard.
e. She enjoys playing the piano.
2. the forms of to be simple present tense
a. affirmative
b. introgative
c. negative
Give the examples of 3 forms of the simple present of to be
| Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative |
| I am | Am I ? | I am not |
| You Are | Are You ? | you are not |
| he, she, it Is | Is he, she, it ? | He, she, it is not |
| we are | Are we ? | We are not |
| They are | Are they ? | They are not |
Example :
I am from
I am not from
Are you from
3.The uses and forms of personal pronoun and possessive adjective (example)
Personal pronouns, Possessive determiners, Possessive pronouns
| Personal pronouns | Possessive determiners | Possessive pronouns | |
| as subject
| as object
| ||
| I | me | my | mine |
| you | you | your | yours |
| he | him | his | his |
| she | her | her | hers |
| it | it | its | its |
| we | us | our | ours |
| you | you | your | yours |
| they | them | their | theirs |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| We have some books. | The books are for us. | These are our books. | The books are ours. |
Example :
"The possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) are like possessive determiners, except that they constitute a whole noun phrase.
1. The house will be hers you see when they are properly divorced.
2. Writers have produced extraordinary work in conditions more oppressive than mine.
4.The uses and forms of demonstrative pronouns
Forming Sentences in Spanish with Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns can make your Spanish flow more naturally in both writing and conversation. So how exactly can you go about forming sentences with demonstrative pronouns? First, you need to understand what they stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage.
Demonstrative pronouns, which replace demonstrative adjectives and their nouns, express this (one), that (one), these (ones), or those (ones). The only difference between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun in terms of writing is the addition of an accent to the pronoun, as you can see in the following table.
| Demonstrative Pronouns | ||||
| Number | Masculine | Feminine | Meaning | Distance |
| Singular/Plural | éste/éstos | ésta/éstas | this (one)/these (ones) | Near to or directly concerned with speaker |
| Singular/Plural | ése/ésos | ésa/ésas | that (one)/those (ones) | Not particularly near to or directly concerned with speaker |
| Singular/Plural | aquél/aquéllos | aquélla/aquéllas | that (one)/those (ones) | Far from and not directly concerned with speaker |